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Research paper : International cooperation for the utilization of earth observational data in an integrated manner (K. Iwao)−162−Synthesiology - English edition Vol.5 No.3 (2012) of data from 2000 to February 2012 are about 2.5 million scenes and 150 terabyte, respectively. It is estimated that the number of earth observation satellites in the world may reach 200 in 2012.[6] Multiple earth observation devices are installed on a satellite, and for example, there are five types of earth observation devices onboard the TERRA satellite on which ASTER is installed. Therefore, it is not realistic to aggregate and manage such voluminous earth observation data in one place. Such data and services are most reasonably dispersion-managed by the organization that collected and processed them. Instead, the information on the data and services offered by the organizations can be registered in one place, and the user can access the data and services of the individual organizations based on the registered information. By building a common infrastructure that allows access to the data and services that are already dispersion-managed by the individual organizations, it is not necessary to request updating the existing data and services to new specifications. Also, for the managerial and policy reasons, including the consideration for different policies for copyright and data management of the earth observation data, dispersion management is desirable.The scenario that aims for the integrated use of earth observation data is explained using Fig. 3. As presented in chapter 2, the access to earth observation data and services that are dispersion-managed by individual organizations is enabled through the GCI. GCI is composed of three components. As requirements to build the CI, the operational robustness must be guaranteed for each component. In a case where one of the components fall into operational difficulty due to financial trouble, the GCI may cease to function. The requirements for the components include the technological requirements such as ease of access and comprehensibility of data, as well as being a system that is highly friendly to users who may have various purposes.4 International collaboration activities4.1 History of international collaborationThe importance of collaborations in earth observation and the discussions on reflecting the scientific findings in policies has been raised since the beginning of 2000s. Table 1 is the brief history of the international agreement on common earth observation network building. Mr. Koizumi (Prime Minister of Japan at that time) declared the need for the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) at the 2003 Evian Summit,[7] and this kicked off the international collaboration movement for earth observation.4.2 Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)The GEOSS proposed by former Prime Minister Koizumi aimed to build the “system of systems” or the global earth observation collaboration where all satellite, aircraft, and in-situ observations of earth, which were individually gathered Table 1. History of international discussions on the collaboration for earth observationFig. 3 Scenario for integrated use of the earth observation dataThe components for building the GEOSS common infrastructure that aims to be the integrated system for using earth observation data and the requirements were summarized as a scenario.Realization of integrated use system for global observation data Building of GCIEarth observation database (dispersion-managed by individual institutes)Operating bodyRegistryClearinghouseWeb portalOperational robustness (financial, etc.)MaintainabilityComprehensibilityUsabilityQuality (Functional)AccessibilityGoalIntegrationComponentRequirement10-Year Implementation Plan for GEOSS was deployed. Intergovernmental Group on Earth Observations (GEO) and its secretariat were established.Third Earth Observation Summit (Brussels)2005Adopted the framework document that defined the range and intent of the GEOSS.Second Earth Observation Summit (Tokyo)2004Adopted the declaration that emphasized the importance of stance commitment at political level, to initiate the action to develop the earth observation system composed of multiple, sustainable systems. Temporary earth observation work group was established, with EU, Japan, South Africa, and USA as joint chairman.First Earth Observation Summit (Washington)2003Former PM Koizumi proposed the “Global Earth Observation System.”G8 Evian Summit (Evian)2003Emphasized the importance for the framework of international cooperation for earth observation in its action plan.World Summit on Sustainable Development RIO+10 (Johannesburg)2002AccomplishmentsMeeting (place)Year held

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