Vol.5 No.2 2012

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Research paper : Paleoclimate reconstruction and future forecast based on coral skeletal climatology (A. Suzuki)−85−Synthesiology - English edition Vol.5 No.2 (2012) Term 4:Salinity: there is a long history of revisions of the analysis methods and expressions of the salinity of seawater.[26] “Practical salinity” was defined as the salinity measurement of seawater using electric conductivity became common, but this value is based on the conductivity ratio of the standard seawater and sample water, and is given no unit.[27] This expression is used widely to present. Recently, to precisely calculate the physical quantities such as the density of seawater from salinity, “absolute salinity,” in which the weight of the dissolved matter is assessed accurately, had been proposed, and this is given the unit g kg−1.[28] The conversion equation from “practical salinity” to “absolute salinity” has also been proposed. In this paper, practical salinity will be called salinity and handled as a quantity without unit.Term 5:Mesozoic Era: a geological time between the Paleozoic and the Cenozoic Eras. It started about 250 million years ago and lasted till about 65 million years ago. The Mesozoic is composed of the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods. This was the age of the dinosaurs.References[1]E. Jansen, et al.: Palaeoclimate. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S. et al. (eds.)], 433-497, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA (2007).[2]L. E. Lisiecki and M. E. Raymo: A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic 18O records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003, doi:10.1029/2004PA001071 (2005).[3]T. Tsunoda, H. Kawahata, A. Suzuki, K. Minoshima and N. Shikazono: East Asian monsoon to El Niño/Southern Oscillation: A shift in the winter climate of Ishigaki Island accompanying the 1988/1989 regime shift, based on instrumental and coral records, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L13708, doi:10.1029/2008GL033539 (2008).[4]M. T. McCulloch, M. K. Gagan, G. E. Mortimer, A. R. Chivas and P. J. Isdale: A high resolution Sr/Ca and 18O coral record from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and the 1982-1983 El Niño, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 2747-2754 (1994).[5]S. Minobe: Study on decadal-scale climate variability around the North Pacific Ocean - memorial lecture of Horiuchi Award in 2006, Tenki, 55 (3), 135-147 (2008) (in Japanese).[6]M. Mishima, A. Suzuki, N. Nagao, T. Ishimura, M. Inoue and H. Kawahata: Abrupt shift toward cooler condition in the earliest 20th century detected in a 165 year coral record from Ishigaki Island, southwestern Japan, Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L15609, doi:10.1029/2010GL043451 (2010).[7]T. Felis, A. Suzuki, H. Kuhnert, M. Dima, G. Lohmann and H. Kawahata: Subtropical coral reveals abrupt early 20th century freshening in the western North Pacific Ocean, Geology, 37, 527-530, doi: 10.1130/G25581A.1 (2009).[8]T. Felis, A. Suzuki, H. Kuhnert, N. Rimbu and H. Kawahata: Pacific Decadal Oscillation documented in a coral record of North Pacific winter temperature since 1873, Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L14605, doi:10.1029/2010GL043572 (2010).[9]IPCC: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)], 18, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA (2007).[10]T. Watanabe, A. Suzuki, S. Minobe, T. Kawashima, K. Kameo, K. Minoshima, Y. M. Aguilar, R. Wani, H. Kawahata, K. Sowa, T. Nagai and T. Kase: Permanent El Niño during the Pliocene warm period not supported by coral evidence, Nature, 471, 209-211, doi:10.1038/ nature09777 (2011).[11]A. Suzuki and H. Kawahata: Skeletal oxygen and carbon isotope records of coral bleaching, Chikyu Kagaku, 38, 265-280 (2004) (in Japanese).[12]A. Suzuki, H. Kawahata, Y. Tanimoto, H. Tsukamoto, L.P. Gupta and I. Yukino: Skeletal isotopic record of a Porites coral during the 1998 mass bleaching event, Geochemical Journal, 34, 321-329 (2000).[13]A. Suzuki, M. K. Gagan, K. Fabricius, P. J. Isdale, I. Yukino and H. Kawahata: Skeletal isotope microprofiles of growth perturbations in Porites corals during the 1997-1998 mass bleaching event, Coral Reefs, 22, 357-369 (2003).[14]R. Suwa, T. Nakamura, A. Iguchi, M. Nakamura, M. Morita, A. Kato, K. Fujita, M. Inoue, K. Sakai, A. Suzuki, I. Koike, Y. Sirayama and Y. Nojiri: A review of the influence of ocean acidification on marine organisms in coral reefs, Umi No Kenkyu, 19, 21-40 (2010) (in Japanese).[15]A. Kuroyanagi, H. Kawahata, A. Suzuki, K. Fujita and T. Irie: Impacts of ocean acidification on large benthic foraminifers: Results from laboratory experiments, Marine Micropaleontology, 73, 190-195 (2009).[16]M. Morita, R. Suwa, A. Iguchi, M. Nakamura, K. Shimada, K. Sakai and A. Suzuki: Ocean acidification reduces sperm flagellar motility in broadcast spawning reef invertebrates, Zygote, 18, 103-107, doi:10.1017/S0967199409990177 (2010).[17]G. De’ath, J. M. Lough and K. E. Fabricius: Declining coral calcification on the Great Barrier Reef, Science, 323, 116-119, doi:10.1126/science.1165283 (2009).[18]S. Reynaud, N. G. Hemming, A. Juillet-Leclerc and J. P. Gattuso: Effect of pCO2 and temperature on the boron isotopic composition of the zooxanthellate coral Acropora sp., Coral Reefs, 23, 539-546 (2004).[19]M. Mishima, H. Kawahata, A. Suzuki, M. Inoue, T. Okai, and A. Omura: Reconstruction of the East China Sea paleoenvironment at 16 ka by comparison of fossil and modern Faviidae corals from the Ryukyus, southwestern Japan, Journal of Quaternary Science, 24, 928-936, doi:10.1002/jqs.1268 (2009). [20]A. Suzuki and H. Kawahata: Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios and their kinetic effects in biogenic and non-biogenic carbonates, Chikyu Kagaku, 41, 17-33 (2007) (in Japanese).[21]A. Suzuki, K. Hibino, A. Iwase and H. Kawahata: Intercolony variability of skeletal oxygen and carbon isotope signatures of cultured Porites corals: Temperature-controlled experiments, Geochimica et Cosmochimca Acta,

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