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Research paper : Safety assessment of high-level nuclear waste disposal in Japan from the standpoint of geology (T. Yamamoto )−210−Synthesiology - English edition Vol.4 No.4 (2012) ReferencesAuthorTakahiro YamamotoCompleted the masters course at the Graduate School of Science, Kobe University in March 1986. Joined the Geological Survey of Japan, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology in April 1986. Obtained the doctorate in 1993 (Doctor of Science). Head of Geodynamics Team, Research Center for Deep Geological Environments, AIST in April 2001. Survey officer of the Radioactive Waste Assessment Section, Standard and Criteria Division, Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization in April 2007. Principal Research Scientist of the Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, GSJ, AIST in April 2009. Specialties are geology and volcanology. Engages in supportive research for the regulation of geological disposal from 2001.Discussions with Reviewers1 General commentComment (Shigeko Togashi, Evaluation Department, AIST)In terms of synthesiology, this paper can be viewed from the perspective of the methodology for impact assessment of the natural phenomena on human activities with very long time scale.The fact that the geological phenomena, even if it is a rare natural phenomenon, can have extremely large impact on society if it should happen, had been shown by the 2011 Earthquake off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku, and is an important issue that must be dealt with by society.In this paper, taking the example of the geological issues required in the safety assessment of geological disposal of the HLR waste, the method of extracting the issues based on the series of events (scenario) or the process where one event will induce the next event one after the other, the limitation of the probabilistic method for the geological phenomenon investigated, and the necessity of long-term forecast based on the model of geological phenomenon genesis are described.I think it provides an extremely important viewpoint in terms of synthesiology. In the process of review, improvements were made to clarify the characteristics as a generalized methodology. 2 Significance of the researchComment (Akira Ono, AIST)I think this is an excellent research that presents the methodology for assessment by integrating and synthesizing geological elemental technologies pertaining to the disposal of radioactive wastes produced by nuclear power generation.As it became apparent from the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, not only decisions by regulating authorities but wishes of people and local governments are very important in selecting the locations for nuclear power plants and waste disposal sites. I think such decisions must be made based on scientific evidences. In that sense, results of scientific researches should be shared widely by people and not only by regulating authorities. I hope this paper is read and referenced widely across the disciplines.[1]Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute: Waga Kuni Ni Okeru Koreberu Hoshasei Haikibutsu Chiso Shobun No Gijutsuteki Shinraisei (Technical Reliability of the Geological Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste in Japan - Second Progress Report of R&D for Geological Disposal (1999) (in Japanese).[2]S. Nagasaki and S. Nakayama: Genshiryoku Kyokasho Hoshasei Haikibutsu No Kogaku (Nuclear Power Textbook Radioactive Waste Engineering), Ohmsha (2011) (in Japanese).[3]Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan: Koreberu hoshasei haikibutsu chiso shobun no gijutsu to anzensei (Technology and safety of geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste – “Outline of disposal site”), NUMO-TR-04-01 (2004) (in Japanese).[4]T. Yamamoto and K. Kodama: Nihon no chiso shobun de koryo surubeki chishitsu oyobi kiko kanren jijo ni tsuite (On the geological and climatological phenomena that must be considered in geological disposal in Japan), Chikyu Monthly, 26, 452-456 (2004) (in Japanese).[5]Research Center for Deep Geological Environments, AIST: Technical Report on the Features for Preliminary Field Investigations of HLW Geological Disposals – Scientific findings on long-term change and geological environment and the survey method, Open-File Report of Geological Survey of Japan, 459 (2007) (in Japanese).[6]Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan: Gaiyo chosa chiku senteijo no koryo jiko no haikei to gijutsuteki konkyo (Background and technological basis of the items to be considered in the selection of overview survey area), NUMO-TR-04-02 (2004) (in Japanese).[7]T. Yamamoto and K. Sakaguchi: Eruptive history of Adatara volcano, NE Japan, during last 250,000 years based on tephrostratigraphy, Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, 106 (12), 865-882 (2000) (in Japanese with English abstract).[8]T. Yamamoto: A rhyolite to dacite sequence of volcanism directly from the heated lower crust: Late Pleistocene to Holocene Numazawa volcano, NE Japan, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 167, 119-133 (2007).[9]T. Yamamoto: Origin of the sequential Shirakawa ignimbrite magmas from the Aizu caldera cluster, northeast Japan: Evidence for renewal of magma system involving a crustal hot zone, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 204, 91-106 (2011).[10]T. Yamamoto: Sedimentary processes caused by felsic caldera-forming volcanism in the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene intra-arc Aizu basin, NE Japan arc., Sediment. Geol., 220, 337-348 (2009).[11]U.S. Department of Energy: Yucca Mountain preliminary site suitability assessment, DOC/RW-0540 (2001).[12]I.S. Smith: Episodic volcanism and hot mantle: Implications for volcanic hazard studies at the proposed nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, GSA Today, 4-10 (2002).[13]S.H. Mahony, R.S.J. Sparks, L.J. Connor and C.B. Connor: Exploring long-term hazards using a quaternary volcano database, Volcanic and Tectonic Hazard Assessment for Nuclear Facilities, 326-345, Cambridge University Press (2009).[14]Special Committee for Radioactive Waste and Decommissioning, Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan: Yoyu shindo shobun no kanri kikan shuryo igo ni okeru anzen hyoka ni kansuru kangaekata (Thinking on the safety assessment for after the completion of management period of subsurface disposal), (2009) (in Japanese).

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