Vol.4 No.3 2012

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Research paper : Integrated development of automotive navigation and route guidance system (H. Ito )−166−Synthesiology - English edition Vol.4 No.3 (2012) Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and advances in this field are expected. 3.3 Evolution of human interface: Core technology 3 – route information display for drivers and safety of the operationThe hardware for displaying the map started from CRT to the currently mainstream TFT-LCD that is lightweight, thin, and energy saving. Map display technology include the north-up display that simulates reading the paper map, heading-up display where the direction of travel is displayed at the top, blow-ups of intersections, and turn-by-turn display that shows the distance to the intersection where the turn will be made and the direction of the turn. The bird’s-eye view display is currently widely accepted. This is an easy-to-use map display where the detailed close-area map and the rough distant-area map are provided. Also, there are various display methods including the use of symbols along with better image discrimination by use of multiple colors. With the increased resolution of the display, visibility and legibility increased, but the selection is up to the driver’s preference. There seems to be a national preference, and turn-by-turn display is popular overseas, and for hardware, the low-cost, small, and removable PNDNote 16) diffused widely.For operation, the ordinary switch, touch panel switch where the user touches the screen, voice recognition, and remote control are employed.Initially, the navigation was installed in the lower part of the center cluster, and duration was needed for eye movement while driving. From the human factor research, it was known that a higher position would be better, but there was resistance to changing the traditional interior design and there were problems with the placements of ducts and outlet of air conditioning. With the appearance of TFT-LCD, the installment position was reviewed, and now it is installed in the upper part of the center cluster to ensure good visibility and legibility while driving without interfering with driving maneuvers, as well as collision safety. In Toyota Crown Majesta and BMW, the turn-by-turn display is shown in the HUDNote 17) to reduce eye movement while driving. 3.4 Projects in Japan and overseas: System creation with infrastructure and on-board device through government projectsThe fourth technological development is the establishment of various projects to consider the technology and system including navigation.In the United States, there were projects such as the Route Guidance with Map Matching System, which is a newspaper delivery navigation by Robert French[1], and the ERGSNote 18) and IVHSNote 19) led by the FHWANote 20) in the early 1970s. In Europe, there were R&D projects promoted through government-industry-academia collaborations[4] such as the ALINote 21), DRIVENote 22), and T-TAPNote 23).In Japan, some projects started in the 1970s included: the large-scale project CACSNote 24) of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry; AMTICSNote 25) of the National Police Agency; and RACSNote 26) of the Ministry of Construction. In the 1990s, more projects paved the way to the age of ITS: ASVNote 27) of the Ministry of Transportation; ARTSNote 28), AHSNote 29), and Smartway of the Ministry of Construction; UTMSNote 30) and DSSSNote 31) of the National Police Agency; and SSVSNote32) of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. After R&D and demonstration tests, these projects became the ITNote 33)/ITS strategy of Japan. In 1996, the five ministries announced the ITS Grand DesignNote 34), and the “advancement of navigation” was stated therein. An organization called ITS JapanNote 35) that brought together the government, industry, and academia was created with national backup. The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication provided support for the radio administration.About 30 years have passed since the start of the navigation, and there is still potential for development in terms of technology. In the future, further developments are expected, such as: the improvement of current position accuracy; the enhancement of route finding such as the fastest and most ecological routes and routes according to the driver’s driving skill, as well as avoiding traffic jams; the incorporation of information for new roads, accidents, and roads under construction; and the guidance for how to approach destinations. The expectation for Japanese technology is great in areas of information exchange using the DSRC, improvement of traffic jam detection through the probe system, and the quasi-zenith satellite Michibiki mentioned earlier.4 International harmonization for human interface: Effort on safety to promote social acceptance4.1 Guideline for social acceptance and preparation for international standardizationWhile the engineers created the navigation that they dreamed through the technologies and efforts of many people as described above, they not only created the product but also engaged in activities to get it accepted in society. Although the navigation helps driving, the display of information such as maps forces the user to take the eyes off the road, and there was a concern from the beginning that it may be distracting. When the product is developed and introduced into the market, problems through inappropriate use may occur; and the engineers were aware that if that happened, the technology that may be useful to the people would be eliminated from society. In DRIVE, a European project, this concern was stated clearly, and the human factor

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