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Research paper : Basic materials research for the development of ubiquitous-energy devices (M. Kohyama et al.)−53−Synthesiology - English edition Vol.2 No.1 (2009) results. He received Distinguished Achievement Award of the Japan Institute of Metals in 2001, and became Fellow of the Institute of Physics (UK) in 2004.Tomoki AkitaSenior Researcher of Materials Science Research Group of UBIQEN, AIST. He received his PhD (engineering) in Applied Physics from Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University in 1998. After post-doctoral research in Osaka National Research Institute (current AIST), he joined Osaka National Research Institute in 1999. In 2001, he became a researcher of Interface Science Research Group, Special Division for Green Life Technology, AIST, and joined the present research group in 2004. He is engaged in structural analysis of functional materials (metal/inorganic hetero catalysts, fuel cells, Li-ion batteries, etc.) using the analytical TEM method. He received a lot of awards as listed in Table 1. For this paper, the TEM observation was mainly performed by him. Shingo TanakaResearcher of Materials Science Research Group of UBIQEN, AIST. He received Doctor of Science at Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University in 1998. He joined Osaka National Research Institute (current AIST) in 1998, became a researcher of Interface Science Research Group, Special Division of Green Life Technology, AIST in 2001, and joined the present research group in 2004. He is engaged in computational materials science. He is dealing with first-principles calculations of metal/inorganic hetero interfaces (metal/ceramics interfaces, hetero catalysts, etc.) and development of computer programs of first-principles calculations. For this paper, he worked on first-principles calculations of gold/oxide interfaces.Yasushi MaedaResearcher of Materials Science Research Group of UBIQEN, AIST. He received Doctor of Science at Graduate School of Science, Osaka University in 2000, and joined Osaka National Research Institute (current AIST) in 2000. He became a researcher of Interface Science Research Group, Special Division of Green Life Technology, AIST in 2001, and joined the present research group in 2007. He is engaged in surface-science analysis of atomic and electronic structures of nano-hetero catalysts and functional materials. For this paper, he performed SPM observation of gold/oxide systems.Koji TanakaSenior Researcher of Materials Science Research Group of UBIQEN, AIST. He received Doctor of Engineering at Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo in 1991. After postdoctoral research in US awarded by the Japan Society for Promotion of Science, he joined Osaka National Research Institute (current AIST) in 1994, became a researcher of Interface Science Research Group, Special Division of Green Life Technology, AIST in 2001, and joined the present research group in 2004. He is engaged in investigation of micro and nano-structures of materials using TEM so as to develop a material design theory by clarifying the relationship between structures and properties of materials. For this paper, he provided various support for TEM observation.Kazuyuki OkazakiAssociate Professor for mechanical engineering at Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University. He received Doctor of Science at Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University in 2000. He joined Osaka National Research Institute (current AIST) as JST Major Research Support Cooperative Member in 2000, and joined Material Science Research Group, UBIQEN, AIST as JST-CREST researcher in 2005. He moved to Osaka University in 2008. He is engaged in basic research on the atomic and electronic structures and reactivity of metal/inorganic hetero systems such as gold/oxide catalysts and Pt/C electrode catalysts of fuel cells, using first-principles calculations. For this paper, he performed first-principles calculations of gold/oxide interfaces and Pt/C interfaces.Jun KikkawaAssistant Professor of Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University. He received Doctor of Science in physics at Graduate School of Science, Osaka University in 2006, and joined Material Science Research Group, UBIQEN, AIST as postdoctoral researcher in 2006. He moved to Osaka University in October 2008. He is engaged in basic research on the structure and properties of various nano-systems using TEM observation. For this paper, he performed TEM observation of positive electrode materials of Li-ion batteries.Discussion with Reviewers1 Expectation for the managementQuestion and comment (Kazuo Igarashi)You mentioned in this paper that it is possible to conduct dramatic material development by taking an effective balance of “specialized” and “collaborative” researches by organizing the groups (human resource) that engage in development (Type 2 Basic Research) and analysis (Type 1 Basic Research) in the same research unit, and I certainly approve of this idea. I ask you one question related to this. I understand that in this paper, the research was conducted through the consensus of the research unit, but I also think the role of the leader who brings the organization together to formulate the consensus is important. Therefore, what kind of management do you expect from a leader of an organization, in general, to reach a consensus?Answer (Masanori Kohyama)In our unit, one of our objectives from its inception was to propagate the research dramatically through effective collaboration of “development” and “basic analysis” and to establish a methodology for that purpose. This is the desire of the research unit leader, and it was understood as a challenging and significant issue through discussions by the members in the course of designing the unit. As discussed in the beginning of chapter 3, there are several inhibitory factors in the collaboration of “development” and “analysis”: (1) pace and phase of the researches of the two groups often are out of synch, (2) consistent effort is necessary since analysis of actual complex materials is not easy, and (3) there are gaps in values and consciousness of the researchers. I think the leader of the organization must understand this situation, listen to the difficulties and complaints of the researchers, patiently provide support, and emphasize the importance of achieving results from the collaboration.2 Organization and system most suitable for developing new materialsQuestion and comment (Norimitsu Murayama)Can you comment on the ideal organization and system when viewing the process from search of material to module creation? The

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