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Research paper : Introduction to service engineering (H. Yoshikawa)−104 Synthesiology - English edition Vol.1 No.2 (2008) human is drawing an attention, as exemplified by ecosystem service[6] and the value of nature[7]. Although this is an important perspective, in the stance of this paper, it will be discussed elsewhere and later as an issue of function. The basic premise here is that service is donated “by a person to another person.”Any strict definition of service will not be given here, and it is simply stated as a manifest function. Rather, we shall state that this paper itself presents a definition of service. However, when “service” is simply mentioned in the text, it means a service in general terminology except otherwise noted.2 Basic Framework2.1 Service in generalService action is an action taken by a person with some intent or motivation to influence another person (or other people) in some way. In general, it is a time-series or a temporal process. It does not happen when a person lives alone. It occurs when people form a society, and thus service is a fundamental reason of forming a society. There are also a service to oneself and a service as a blessing of nature, but these services will be considered special or degenerated service.A person donates service to another person. This is a service-donating action. Then the other person takes a certain action in response to the service received. This is a service-receiving action. The person is the donor of service and the other is the receptor of service. In general, each action is time-serially characterized by temporal element. When all the service actions are completed, a change occurs to the external world as well as to the donor and the receptor. The summation of changes is called a service effect. The series of process may be called a service phenomenon.When only one person donates a service to another person, it is “a primitive service.” Figure 1 shows some examples. A primitive service is donated directly or through some medium (called “vehicle”). In case of a primitive service that can only be donated through medium because it cannot be donated directly, the medium may amplify the service as described later, and therefore it is necessary to set a standard medium for a primitive service. Primitive services may form a chain. If the service is not a primitive service, the following terms are used. In case there is one donor and two or more receptors, it is called a distributed service; in case there are two or more donors and one receptor, it is an integrated service; and in case there are two or more donors and receptors, it is a socialized service. Through a chain with those combinations, the services form a network.When each action which is taken for the purpose of donating a service is completed, the temporal sum of these actions up to that moment is called the amount of service donated. A change that occurs to the receptor is a result of the donated actions motivated by the donor, and this is called a main service effect. The main service effect is temporal sum of changes that occur as a result of receptor’s receiving action, and this can be divided into physical, corporeal, and mental.Changes that occur to subjects other than receptor includes those that occur to donor (for example, fatigue) and change in medium or tool used (for example, wear). Such changes are called sub-effects. The change in the external world that results from service donating actions by donor (for example, the environmental pollution) is called a ripple effect. Each change is the result of respective action (reaction in case of change in object). Such a change is diverse, and it can be divided into corporeal and mental in human, and physicochemical for object.The above definition of service is consistent with the conventional stimulus-response concept. The service-donating action is stimulus whereas the service-receiving Fig. 1 Example of primitive service.(32)− D: Donor R: Receptor effect: ① Body ② Mind ③ MaterialMedical careElderly careAssistanceTransferEating & drinkingBeautyLodgingEducationInformationConsultationMusicStoryEntertainmentStorageTransportationMaintenanceProductionMeaning (Contents)DiagnosisJudgmentRequestDesignationCookingDecisionPreparationEvaluationCreationAnalysisDirectionProductionDirectionEvaluationPackagingDiagnosisDesignD’s preparation(design & planning)TreatmentElderly careAssistanceTransportationServingMake-upProvidingPreachingTransmissionProposalPerformanceSpeakingPerformanceMaintainingDeliveryRepairManufacturingAcceptingDependenceCooperationObedienceEating & drinkingMake-upSleepListeningReceptionSolutionHearingListeningViewingEntrustmentEntrustmentReceptionUseHealth levelAction levelAchievement levelDistanceSatisfaction levelAppearanceRestLearning levelInformation levelProblem solutionExcitementEntertainmentReliefVolume x TimeVolume x DistanceRecovery & performanceConvenienceMotherYouthStrong manDriverHusbandPersonInnkeeperParentPersonWise manPerformerStorytellerPersonKeeperTruckFixerSkilled personChildElderlyWeak manPassengerWifeSelfCustomerChildAcquaintanceTroubled personListenerListenerFamilyEntrusteeReceiverNon fixerUser①②③D’s providing actionR’s receiving actionR’s effect (Function level)Example of DExample of RExternal worldRipple effectMotivation (order, intent)DesignPerson (Donor)Sub-effectService action (person provides service directly to another)Person (Receptor)Main effectDegenerated primitive serviceService action (person provides service to another mediated by object or vehicle) Object (Vehicle)Sub-effectFig. 2 Basic system of primitive service.

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