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Research paper : Creation of seamless geological map of Japan at the scale of 1:200,000 and its distribution through the web (K. Wakita et al.)−83 Synthesiology - English edition Vol.1 No.2 (2008) AuthorsKoji WakitaDirector, Geological Information Center, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST. Has worked at GSJ-AIST since 1977. Graduated from Nagoya University, March 1977. Obtained PhD in Earth Science, Nagoya University in 1988. Mapping geologist for the 1:50,000 and 1:200,000 scale geological maps. Specializes in mélanges and accretionary complex. Leader of RIO-DB 084 “Seamless Geological Map of Japan, 1:200,000.” Council member of Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information.Toshie IgawaStudied geology specializing in sedimentology and paleontology at Kyushu University. Received Ph.D. in Science from Kyushu University in 2002. AIST Postdoctoral Research Fellow from 2003-2007. Works for Japan Industrial Technology Association as a temporary staff since 2007. Compiled the seamless geological map of Japan 1:200,000 and 1:50,000.Shinji TakaradaSenior geologist of Geological Survey of Japan since 1991. Received PhD in Science from Hokkaido University in 1994. Specializes in volcanology, especially gravity flows. Compiled data for Hokkaido area and volcanic regions and constructed website for seamless geological map. Also developed the Integrated Geological Map Database (GeoMapDB) using WebGIS technology.Yuichiro FusejimaSenior geologist of Integrated Geoinformation Research Group, Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological Springer-Verlag (2007).Editorial Committee of Geology of Tohoku Region for Construction Engineers: Geology of Tohoku Region for Construction Engineers, Tohoku Construction Association (2006) (in Japanese).Editorial Committee of Engineering Geological Map of Shikoku: Engineering Geological Map of Shikoku, Japan, Institute of Construction Engineering (1998) (in Japanese).K. Wakita: Digitization and standardization of geological map - their recent international trend, Chishitsu News, 588, 40-54 (2003) (in Japanese).Z.R. Peng and C. Zhang: The roles of geography markup language (GML), scalable vector graphics (SVG), and web feature service (WFS) specifications in the development of Internet geographic information systems (GIS), Journal of Geographical Systems, 6, 95-116 (2004).S. J.D. Cox, E. Boisvert, B. Brodaric, T.R. Duffy, B.R. Johnson, J.L. Laxton, S.M. Richard, and B. Simons: GeoSciML: a standards-based encoding for transfer of geoscience information from IUGS/CGI, Proceedings, International Association for Mathematical Geology, XIth International Congress, Liege, S05-04 (2006).M. Sen and T.R. Duffy: GeoSciML: development of a generic Geoscience Markup Language, Computers & Geosciences, 31, 1095-1103 (2005).Received original manuscript December 25, 2007Revisions received Februuary 22, 2008Accepted Februuary 22, 2008[13][14][15][16][17][18]Survey of Japan, AIST since 2007. Constructed the Active Fault Database of Japan based on relational data-model. Continues to work on interoperability among geoscience information systems.Discussions with reviewers1 Feedback to Type 1 Basic ResearchQuestion (Akira Ono)I highly appreciate this research as one of the most significant Type 2 Basic Researches. You integrated original geological maps of quadrangle areas (the result of Type 1 Basic Research) into nationwide seamless map.Although this study is outside my field, it seems to me that each original geological map is a unique and distinctive product that reflects the interests and abilities of individual researcher, as well as being presentation of research result based on the latest model of the time. I suppose the meaning of this study is reevaluation of these unique researches under a common standard called the unified legend.While the study was conducted as a Type 2 Basic Research that required several years to harmonize the original geological maps, is there any possibility that it will positively influence future Type 1 Basic Researches, such as in compiling original geological maps? I expect the creation of the seamless geological map will inspire unique and distinctive geological researches in the future.Answer (Koji Wakita)Smaller amount of geological information and less positional accuracy in the original maps may affect the content of the neighboring areas in the seamless map, because it is harmonized according to existing 1:200,000 geological maps. The seamless map, which is the result of a Type 2 Basic Research, indicates the direction of our future research: in which area we should promote further Type 1 Basic Research or what kind of researches we should undertake. Also, because the seamless map contains much more detailed regional geological information than the past maps, it helps us narrow down the issues and subjects of research.2 Past seam-smoothingQuestion (Akira Ono)I think the smoothing technique had been applied in maintaining continuity and consistency of geological data between neighboring geological areas before digitization and web distribution of geological information became common. Are you saying that development of digitization techniques and wide usage of the Internet facilitated full-scale map smoothing?Answer (Koji Wakita)Although combining and harmonizing same-scale maps have been attempted over the ages, but it was no more than “compilation” in which smaller scale map was recreated by combining larger scale maps. One of the greatest challenges of the study was to harmonize geological maps into same scale map.3 Comparison of this seam-smoothing method to Google EarthQuestion (Akira Ono)I imagine that one of the major obstacles in developing and launching Google Earth, which is now commonly used on the Internet, was how to smooth boundaries. Can you indicate any common and/or different points in smoothing images for this study and Google Earth?Answer (Yuichiro Fusejima)Smoothing really didn’t matter in launching Google Earth. That is because the information in Google Earth consist mainly (11)−

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