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Research paper : Improving the reliability of temperature measurements taken with clinical infrared ear thermometers (J. Ishii)−56−Synthesiology - English edition Vol.1 No.1 (2008) References[1][2][3]J.Fraden: Medical infrared thermometry (review of modern techniques), Ed. by J.F. Schooley, Temperature Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, vol.6, part II, 825-830, Amer. Institute of Physics, New York(1992).Shingata taionkei no kaihatsu doko ha’aku to gijutsu kijun tekigo ni kakawaru chosa kenkyu hokokusho (Survey and research report on the development trend and technological standard conformity of new clinical thermometer), Japan Measuring Instruments Federation, (1999) (in Japanese).Taionkei koseiki SARS de kinkyu taiyo (Emergency offer of calibration equipment of clinical thermometers for SARS), Nikkei Business Daily (May 27, 2003) (in Japanese).AuthorJuntaro IshiiCompleted his Ph.D in physics at Keio University in 1996. Joined National Research Laboratory of Metrology (NRLM), Agency of Industrial Science and Technology in 1996. Senior researcher of (National Institute of Metrology) of AIST in 2001. Head of Radiation Thermometry Section, in 2005. Guest researcher at National Physical Laboratory of UK in 2002. Won APMP Iizuka Prize in 2006. Research fields include temperature standard, radiation thermometry, infrared measurement, and surface temperature measurement.Term 3.Term 4.Term 5.Term 6.Term 7.Term 8.actual body, radiation characteristic is Planck’s law multiplied by emissivity value of the surface.Emissivity: Index expressing an optical property of thermal radiation source. Emissivity is 1 in case of ideal blackbody, and actual thermal radiation source have emissivity value between 0 and 1. In general, emissivity of material surface changes depending on material as well as wavelength, angle, and surface roughness.Traceability: General term for measurement management system from national standard or international standards to user-level measuring instrument through chain of comparisons (calibrations).European Norm (EN): Also known as European Standard. Uniform standard for Europe issued by the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) and Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique (CENELEC), which are expert committees of the European Union.Conformity Assessment: Act of checking whether product, service, or process satisfy the required standards or directives. It may also be used as general term for testing, inspection, and assessment procedures.Radiance Temperature: Temperature calculated from radiance value at any wavelength region when light source is assumed to be ideal blackbody in accordance with Planck’s law. In case light source is ideal blackbody, it corresponds to the thermodynamic temperature, but if it is not blackbody (emissivity is less than 1), the radiance temperature will be different from the thermodynamic temperature of light source.ISO/IEC 17025 Standard: International standard document for quality control of services conducted by testing and calibration institutions. Quality control based on this standard and third party approval are conducted for calibration services of physical standards provided by National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST.Chui! Takameni deru keiko niaru mimi shiki taionkei (Warning! Ear thermometers that tend to measure high), Claim Processing Test, No.5, National Consumer Affairs Center (1998) (in Japanese).Mainichi Shimbun (April 22, 1998), Asahi Shimbun (April 27, 1998), Kyoto Shimbun (May 1, 1998), Sankei Shimbun (May 7, 1998), Yomiuri Shimbun (May 7, 1998), and other newspapers (in Japanese).ASTM designation E-1965-98, ASTM committee, E20.20 (1998).prEN 12470-5, CEN TC205 (2000).J. Ishii, T. Fukuzaki, T. Fujihara, and A. Ono: Koshiya sekigai hosha ondokei koseiyo kokutai kudo no hosha tokusei hyoka (Evaluation of radiative property of the blackbody cavity for calibration of infrared radiation thermometers having wide view angles), Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers, 37, 468-470 (2001)(in Japanese).J.Ishii and A.Ono: Uncertainty estimation for emissivity measurements near room temperature with a Fourier transform spectrometer, Meas. Sci. Technol., 12, 2103-2122(2001).J.Ishii and A.Ono: Low-temperature infrared radiation thermometry at NMIJ, Temperature: Its measurement and control in science and industry, vol.7, ed. D. C.Ripple, AIP, 657-662(2003). J.Ishii, T.Fukuzaki, T.Kojima and A.Ono: Calibration of infrared ear thermometers, Proc.TEMPMEKO 2001, 607-612(2002).Japanese Industrial Standard: JIS T-4207:2005 Mimiyo sekigaisen shiki taionkei (Infrared Ear Thermometer), Japanese Standard Association (2005)(in Japanese).Chino Corporation Product Catalog (in Japanese)Mimishiki taionkei hyojun kyokyu kenkyukai hokoku (Report of research group for ear thermometer calibration service), Japan Measuring Instruments Federation (2002)(in Japanese).J.Ishii, T.Fukuzaki, H.C.McEvoy, R.Simpson, G.Machin, J.Hartmann, B.Gutschwager and J.Hollant: A comparison of the blackbody cavities for infrared ear thermometers of NMIJ, NPL, and PTB, Proc. TEMPMEKO 2004, 1093-1098(2005).Received original manuscript October 3, 2007Revisions received November 27, 2007Accepted November 27, 2007[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

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